Exploring the factors driving the recurrence of human African trypanosomiasis in Ethiopia after three decades
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20372/ejphn.v7i1.240Keywords:
Trypanosomiasis, Tsetse fly, Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Human, Animal, EthiopiaAbstract
Background: Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), or sleeping sickness, results from a parasitic protozoan transmitted by infected tsetse flies. The re-emergence of HAT in Ethiopia, reported since 1967, has recently seen cases re-emerged in disease-free areas, prompting investigation into contributing factors.
Objective: The aim of this study is to identify the possible drivers that caused the recurrence of HAT in Ethiopia.
Methods: A cross-sectional study design with descriptive data analysis was used. NGU and biconical traps were used to capture tsetse flies and dissected under a stereo binocular microscope to identify the parasite. Blood samples were taken from the animals and the parasites in the serum were identified using the buffy coat method.
Results: A total of 329 tsetse flies were identified: G. pallidipes 259 (60.4%) and G. fuscipes 70 (16.3%). Dembagofa accounted for 188 (51.1%) of the captures, with an apparent density of 94. 11.8% of flies had recently fed on hosts with high female density. Highest apparent densities were in forests (93), mostly G. pallidipes (76.5%). Forests (93) and shrublands (36.5) had the highest densities. Among 301 tested cattle, 9 were positive (3% prevalence): T. congolense 6 (2%), T. vivax 1 (0.3%), and 2 (0.7%) suspected Brucei. Parasite prevalence was higher in poorly conditioned cattle (4.6%).
Conclusion: The high density of tsetse flies and the prevalence of Trypanosoma parasites in cattle create an ideal environment for the transmission of this deadly disease. Addressing the resurgence of Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) in Ethiopia requires a collaborative effort from researchers, policymakers, and communities. The complex interplay of environmental, agricultural, social, and health system factors underscores the need for a comprehensive and multisectoral approach to control and eliminate HAT. This involves not only addressing health system deficiencies but also broader socioeconomic and environmental issues. Urgent measures include strengthening HAT surveillance and response capacity in Ethiopia, along with increasing public awareness of the disease and its prevention.
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